Особливості росту та енергетичний потенціал букових деревостанів Буковинського Передкарпаття
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НУБіП України
Анотація
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата сільськогосподарських наук зі спеціальності 06.03.02 «Лісовпорядкування та лісоватаксація». Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України. Київ, 2020.
Дисертацію присвячено дослідженню особливостей росту та енергетичної функції букових деревостанів Буковинського Передкарпаття, що слугуватиме інформаційним інструментарієм ведення ефективного лісового господарства і впровадження механізмів низьковуглецевого розвитку лісогосподарського виробництва. Вирішення згаданих завдань є досить актуальним для гірських умов Українських Карпат, у тому числі й Буковинського Передкарпаття.
Здійснено аналіз лісівничо-таксаційної структури букових деревостанів Буковинського Передкарпаття. Закладено тимчасові пробні площі для оцінювання ходу росту, структури компонентів біомаси та їхньої питомої енергоємності.
Досліджено параметри середньої питомої енергоємності та загальної енергопродуктивності. Оцінено загальні обсяги енергії, акумульованої у рослинній біомасі букових лісів Буковинського Передкарпаття й запропоновано відповідні нормативно-довідкові таблиці.
Здійснено оцінку п’яти типів енергетичного потенціалу деревостанів (теоретично можливий, технічно доступний, екологічно безпечний, економічно доцільний та соціально зумовлений).
Здійснено еколого-економічну оцінку використання енергетичного потенціалу букових деревостанів Буковинського Передкарпаття, що базується на встановленні обсягів зменшення викидів СО2 та відповідної фінансової вигоди від заміщення викопних видів енергетичних ресурсів біомасою.
Опис
Thesis for the degree of Candidate of Agricultural Sciences in specialty 06.03.02 «Forest Inventory and Forest Mensuration». National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. Kyiv, 2020.
The dissertation is devoted to the study of peculiarities of growth and energy function of beech stands in Bukovyna Precarpathians, which will serve as an information tool for efficient forest management and implementation of mechanisms of low-carbon development in forestry aimed at preventing and mitigating the effects of global climate change.
The solution of the mentioned problems is quite relevant for the mountain conditions of the Ukrainian Carpathians, including the Bukovyna Precarpathians. Aiming at the effective implementation of the paradigm of sustainable forest management in the Carpathian region of Ukraine, management decisions must be based not only on knowledge about the peculiarities of natural processes in forest plant communities, but also on understanding the social role of forests to meet the needs of local communities.
The object of research is represented by the bioproductive processes in modal stands of European beech in Bukovyna Precarpathians.
The subject of research is formed by the peculiarities of growth and energy potential of stands dominated by European beechin Bukovyna Precarpathians.
To study the peculiarities of growth and energy potential of beech stands we have used experimental data of 27 temporary sample plots (TSPs) with felling and biometric processing of 132 model trees (MTs), including 7 TSPs (50 MTs) selected from the research database of the Department of Forest Mensuration and Forest Management of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine. To study the height growth patterns, data were collected from 1120 cross sections of trunks, and to study the density of wood and bark of trunks, 66 experimental sections from 11 model trees were selected. To perform the tasks of the dissertation research, the method of collecting and processing the research material developed by Prof. P. I. Lakyda was used as a basis. The TSPs used in the study represent beech stands of the Bukovyna Precarpathians. To estimate the energy potential using a system of mathematical equations has been applied, that reflect modern approaches to sustainable use of forest resources, developed by Prof. R. D. Vasylyshyn. At the same time, methodological approaches to assessing the environmentally safe energy potential of forest wood residues have been improved and adapted to the conditions of Bukovyna Precarpathians.
Modeling of the dynamics of biometric indicators of modal beech stands of natural origin was carried out using Mitcherlich growth function and allometric dependencies, which are capable of describing the features of growth processes in beech stands of the studied region. The analysis of the characteristics of beech stands of the studied region, based on information from the relational database «Stand-level mensurational characteristics of forests» (SMCF), provided for research by IA «Ukrderzhlisproekt», shows that beech is the second most common forest-forming tree species in the region with a share of 26.0 % or 60.6 thousand hectares. Seed natural beech stands dominate in Bukovyna Precarpathians, their share is 96.0 %.
The region is dominated by mid-aged beech stands, whose share in the structure of forest areas covered with forest vegetation is 46.7 %. At the same time, the share of mature stands is 15.6 %. The average age of the studied stands is 76 years. At the same time, they are mainly characterized by I (57.0 %) and Ia (over 25 %) site index classes.
As a result of dissertation research for modal beech stands of Bukovyna Precarpathians, a system of models of dynamics of biometric indices such as average height, average diameter, relative stocking and growing stock have been proposed. These mathematical dependences are characterized by a high level of approximation of the initial data and serve as a basis for the corresponding yield tables on the site index basis.
The yield tables of modal beech stand developed within the research fully reflect the peculiarities of their growth in the study region, as indicated by the results of their comparison with the existing standards for the Ukrainian Carpathians in general. Quantitative values of specific energy content and reference materials for energy content assessment in modal beech stands are also proposed in the work. At the same time, two groups of reference tables have been developed: tables of specific energy content and energy content standards for modal beech stands live biomass.
Assessing the parameters of the total energy content in live biomass components of beech forests in Bukovyna Precarpathians within Chernivtsi region, it has been found that the total energy content in these components is about 320 PJ (320∙1015 J). In terms of its equivalent, this is approximately 10.8 million tons of conventional fuel.
It is found that beech stands of Bukovyna Precarpathians annually produce more than 15 PJ of energy in the form of living organic matter, which is 32 % of the total energy productivity of forests in the region. According to this indicator, beech stands dominate spruce, oak and fir stands, the share of which is 23.1 %, 22.9, and 16.3 %, respectively.
An assessment of five types of energy potential of stands (theoretically possible, technically accessible, environmentally safe, economically feasible and socially conditioned) within the three structural components of wood biomass (trunk firewood, forest wood waste and timber wood waste) in volume and weight units, as well as in units of primary energy has been carried out. The quantitative value of the annual energy potential of wood biomass in beech forests of Chernivtsi region varies from 3.6 to 1.2 PJ depending on the type of potential. According to the results of the study, it was also established that the total volume of dead beech trees in the stands of the region is about 15 thousand m3.
In the overall structure of the socially determined energy potential of wood biomass, the share of trunk firewood reaches almost 83 %. At the same time, more than 60 % of the studied potential is consumed annually for public energy needs. The density of energy wood biomass within the socially determined potential varies from 1630 KJ·(m2)-1for trunk firewood, to 160 KJ·(m2)-1 for forest wood waste.
Environmental and economic assessment of the use of energy potential of beech stands of Bukovyna Precarpathians, which meets the principles of sustainable forest management, is based on establishing the reduction of CO2emissions and the corresponding financial benefit from the replacement of fossil energy resources with biomass. As a result, it is established that the use of the studiedpotential will reduce CO2 emissions at the level of 70–120 thousand tons and the economic result in the form of financial benefits at the level of 130–220 million UAH from the replacement of fossil energy resources.
Ключові слова
бук лісовий, деревостан, таксаційна характеристика, хід росту, таблиці, енергоємність, енергетичний потенціал, стале використання, Буковинське Передкарпаття, European beech, stand, biometric characteristics, growth pattern
Бібліографічний опис
Особливості росту та енергетичний потенціал букових деревостанів Буковинського Передкарпаття: автор. дис. .кандидата с.-г. наук: 06.03.02 "Лісовпорядкування та лісова таксація" (с.-г. науки) / В.В. Слюсарчук ; Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України. - К., 2020. - 26 с.